在阿尤布王朝覆亡后，苏丹这一称谓由突厥人继承，马穆鲁克王朝、塞尔柱帝国与奥斯曼帝国等伊斯兰国家的最高统治者均自称苏丹。

从北非到南亚，再到东南亚，曾出现过无数的苏丹国，其中大部分已成历史，目前世界上只有阿曼、文莱、马来西亚（七个州的最高统治者）与印尼（日惹特区）拥有苏丹。

苏丹国已经到大部分分布在东南亚...

阿曼苏丹国现任苏丹，卡布斯·本·赛义德

近代以降，随着伊斯兰君主制国家逐渐走入历史，哈里发、埃米尔与苏丹这些在历史上如雷贯耳的称号越来越少能听到了，逐渐淡出了公众的视野范围，只留在了故纸堆中供后人凭吊，感叹伊斯兰世界曾经的辉煌。

不过，如果有人发起联名希望土耳其总统成为苏丹，或许他也会考虑一下的？

参考资料：

1. 《古兰经》，马坚译，中国社会科学出版社，2003-06-01，ISBN 9787500406778

2.   Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507673-7.

3.   Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought: 81–86.

4.   "The Roots of Democracy in Islam". Irfi.org. 2002-12-16. Retrieved 2014-06-30.

5.  "Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy". 2muslims.com. Retrieved 2011-06-05.

6. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.

7. Abu Bakr". Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd ed.). His father was Abu Quhafa ..., and he is therefore sometimes known as Ibn Abi Quhafa. ... The names ‘Abd Allah and ‘Atiq ('freed slave') are attributed to him as well as Abu Bakr, but the relation of these names to one another and their original significance is not clear. ... He was later known as al-Siddiq, the truthful, the upright, or the one who counts true

8.Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, Infobase Publishing, 2009

9.Shahid Ashraf (2004). Encyclopaedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-261-1940-3.

10.Pennell, Richard (11 March 2016). "What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?'". The Journal of North African Studies. 21 (4): 623–644. doi:10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482.

11."A Princess-Broadcaster". Voice of America. 31 March 2002.

12.  Litvak, Dmitriy; Kuznetzov, Alexander. "The Last Emir of Noble Bukhara and His Money." International Bank Note Society Journal, vol.50-3