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殷之光:中国革命视野下的阿拉伯民族独立与第三世界秩序观的形成
关键字: 殷之光国际主义时刻中国阿拉伯民族独立中国第三世界秩序观中国革命【注释】
①Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, Cambridge; London: Harvard University Press, 1967, pp. 271-272.
②Ivan Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russification?A Study in the Soviet Nationalities Problem, London: The Camelot Press, Ltd., 1968, p. 93。本书作者为乌克兰文艺批评家伊万•祖巴(Іва́н Миха́йлович Дзю́ба)。作为一名苏维埃的异见分子,他于1965年年末写成一本小册子《国际主义或是俄罗斯化?》(Інтернаціоналізм чи русифікація?),并转交乌共领导人。这本小册子在1968年时以秘密出版物的形式在苏联广泛流传,并在当年就有了英语译本。在书中,祖巴对斯大林和赫鲁晓夫时期的苏维埃民族政策提出严厉批判,并将赫鲁晓夫时期的语言教育改革方案视为一种俄罗斯大国沙文主义的表现。关于赫鲁晓夫时期的民族政策,特别是针对乌克兰地区进行的语言教育政策及其政治影响,可参见田鹏:《语言政策、民族主义思潮与前苏联的解体》,载《民族社会学研究通讯》总第116期(2012年),第9—18页。
③西方学界从这个角度切入,并将祖巴关于苏联民族问题的讨论进一步理论化的第一本系统性著作可以参看:Robert Conquest (ed.), The Last Empire: Nationality and the Soviet Future, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986。康奎斯特在20世纪60年代还编辑过一本小册子,主要梳理苏联历史上对于民族问题的基本政策与理论,用以回应苏共当时针对美国黑人民权问题的批评。参见:Robert Conquest (ed.), Soviet Nationalities Policy in Practice, London: The Bodley Head, 1967。
④这类叙述可参见:Edward Taborsky, Communist Penetration of the Third World, New York: Robert Speller & Sons Publishers, Inc., 1973; Lawrence L. Whetten, The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1974; Joel Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Maxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990。
⑤Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity, the Stalin Years, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 15-17, pp. 54-55.
⑥Matthew J. Ouimet, The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003, p. 65;Chris J. Chulos & TimoPiirainen, The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia, Ashgate, 2000;David Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, pp. 78-123.
⑦Fred Halliday, Cold War, Third World: An Essay on Soviet-Us Relations, London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989, pp. 1-24。同类的著作还有:S. Neil MacFarlane, Superpower Rivalry and 3rd World Radicalism: The Idea of National Liberation, London: Croom Helm, 1985。
⑧John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1994, pp. 5-49.
⑨Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979, pp. 103-104.
⑩Galia Golan, Soviet Policies in the Middle East, from World War Ⅱ to Gorbachev, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 1-3.
11英语世界最新一本关于这个问题的著作是:Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015。早期英语世界中对这个问题的讨论集中理解中国在亚非团结运动内部作用,及其在激进的世界革命理念下,对民族独立运动的支持。例如:Hashim S. H. Behbehani, China’s Foreign Policy in the Arab World, 1955-1975: Three Case Studies,London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: KPI, 1981; Charles Neuhauser, Third World Politics: China and the Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization, 1957-1967, Cambridge, Mass: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1970; Yitzhak Shichor, The Middle East in China’s Foreign Policy, 1949-1977, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; Peter Willetts, The Non-Aligned Movement, the Origins of a Third World Alliance, London & New York: Frances Pinter Ltd. & Nichols Publishing Co., 1978。在这其中以中国与巴勒斯坦解放组织关系的讨论为最多。例如:W. A. C. Adie, “Plo,” Asian Perspectives, No. 2, 1975;Lillian Craig Harris, “China’s Relations with the Plo,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Autumn,1977;Raphael Israeli, “The People’s Republic of China and the Plo,” in Augustus Richard Norton & Martin H. Greenberg (eds.), The International Relations of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989; Helena Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984。
12Galia Golan, Soviet Policies in the Middle East, from World War Ⅱ to Gorbachev, pp. 9-10.
13从这一观点出发对中苏分离及其对第三世界革命的影响,可以参见:Jeremy S. Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
14Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
15这类讨论,可以参见:Muhamad S. Olimat, China and the Middle East, from Silk Road to Arab Spring, London and New York: Routledge, 2013; John Calabrese, China’s Changing Relations with the Middle East, London: Pinter Publishers, 1991; Mohamed Bin Huwaidin, China’s Relations with Arabia and the Gulf 1949-1999, London: Routledge, 2002; Christopher Davidson, “Persian Gulf-Pacific Asia Linkages in the 21st Century: A Marriage of Convenience?” Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States, London: The Centre for the Study of Global Governance, LSE, 2010; Lillian Craig Harris, China Considers the Middle East, London: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Publishers, 1993.
16中共中央文献研究室(编):《毛泽东年谱(1893—1949)》上卷,北京:中央文献出版社2002年版,第75页。
17同上,第71页。
18关于武装斗争对于国家身份(national identity)建设的作用,可以参见亨廷顿对冷战之后“美国国民性”问题的深入讨论(Samuel P. Huntington, We Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004)。
19关于这一问题的讨论,参见吕新雨:《托洛茨基主义、工农联盟与“一国社会主义”——以苏联20世纪二三十年代党内斗争为视角的历史考察》,载《开放时代》2016年第5期,第157—180页。
20Rosa Luxemburg, “The National Question and Autonomy,” in Horace B. Davis (ed.), The National Question - Selected Writings by Rosa Luxemburg, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976, pp. 175-182.
21Ibid., p. 176.
22L. S. Stavrianos, Global Rift, the Third World Comes of Age, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1981, pp. 39-43.
23Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. I, New York: Academic Press, 1974。关于波兰随着欧洲商业资本主义发展而逐渐走向世界资本主义体系的边缘的论述,主要参见其第五章。关于波兰作为这一时期这一体系中的第三世界的论述,参见:L. S. Stavrianos,Global Rift, the Third World Comes of Age, pp. 65-68.
24Rosa Luxemburg, “The National Question and Autonomy,” in Horace B. Davis (ed.), The National Question - Selected Writings by Rosa Luxemburg, pp. 129-131.
25Ibid., p. 177.
26Ibid., p. 137.
27Ibid., pp. 137-138.
28V. I. Lenin, “The Right of Nations to Self-Determination,” in Julius Katzer (ed.), V. I. Lenin Collected Works, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964, pp. 410-414.
29“Critical Remarks on the National Question,” in Julius Katzer (ed.), V. I. Lenin Collected Works, pp. 30-32.
30V. I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highet Stage of Capitalism, a Popular Outline, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1970, pp. 53-72.
31V. I. Lenin, “The Right of Nations to Self-Determination,” in Julius Katzer (ed.), V. I. Lenin Collected Works, p. 400.
32Ibid., pp. 425-429.
33V. I. Lenin, “The Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination,” in Julius Katzer (ed.), V. I. Lenin Collected Works, pp. 150-151.
34斯大林:《马克思主义与民族、殖民地问题》,北京:人民出版社1953年版,第106页。
35同上,第113—114页。
36同上,第109页。
37同上,第110页。
38同上,第112—113页。
39同上,第115页。
40对于“民族”观念在中国19世纪以来历史语境中的变迁,参见殷之光:《政治实践中的“中华民族”观念——从立宪到革命中国的三种自治》,载《开放时代》2016年第2期,第95—118页。
- 原标题:国际主义时刻 ——中国革命视野下的阿拉伯民族独立与第三世界秩序观的形成 本文仅代表作者个人观点。
- 责任编辑:李泠
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